Our complete ingredient catalogue. Search for an ingredient or filter by category to read what each one is, what it does in the body and what the research looks at. Every entry links to the studies on PubMed and to the products in our range that contain it.
14 ingredients
5-HTP (Griffonia simplicifolia)
Sleep
5-hydroxytryptophan, extracted from the seeds of a West African climbing shrub. It is the direct precursor to serotonin, one step further along the pathway than tryptophan.
What it does in the body
5-HTP crosses the blood-brain barrier without competing for transport the way tryptophan does, and is converted to serotonin and onward to melatonin. Vitamin B6 is a cofactor in that conversion, which is why the two are usually formulated together.
L-5-methyltetrahydrofolate, the form of folate that actually circulates in blood. Folic acid has to pass through several enzymatic steps to get here; 5-MTHF skips them.
What it does in the body
Because it bypasses the MTHFR enzyme, methylfolate is available to the methylation cycle regardless of how efficiently that enzyme works — a common variant reduces its activity substantially.
What the research looks at
Homocysteine levels in carriers of MTHFR variants
Folate status where folic acid conversion is limited
Omega-3 taken from the source rather than from the fish that ate it. Marine microalgae are where EPA and DHA originate in the food chain; fish accumulate them.
What it does in the body
Chemically the same fatty acids as fish oil, in triglyceride or phospholipid form. The practical differences are that it is suitable for vegans, contains no accumulated heavy metals, and does not oxidise into a fish smell.
What the research looks at
Blood levels of EPA and DHA compared with fish oil
The clear gel from the inner leaf, distinct from the yellow latex just under the skin — that latex is a stimulant laxative and is filtered out of quality preparations.
What it does in the body
The gel contains acemannan and other polysaccharides that form a film over mucous membranes. Applied to skin it works the same way, holding water at the surface.
L-alpha-glycerylphosphorylcholine, a choline compound found in small amounts in milk and organ meat. It is the choline form that reaches the brain most readily.
What it does in the body
Alpha-GPC crosses the blood-brain barrier and is cleaved into choline and glycerophosphate, feeding acetylcholine synthesis directly. Plain choline salts largely do not make that crossing.
What the research looks at
Attention and memory in older adults
Power output and growth hormone response around training
An unusual antioxidant in that it is soluble in both water and fat, so it works in every compartment of the cell. The R-form is the one the body makes; racemic mixtures contain both.
What it does in the body
ALA is a cofactor for the mitochondrial dehydrogenase complexes, and it regenerates other antioxidants — vitamin C, vitamin E and glutathione — after they have been used up.
Protein isolated from beef rather than milk. It suits people who react to dairy and want a complete amino acid profile without a plant blend.
What it does in the body
Contains all nine essential amino acids in proportions close to human tissue, and carries the naturally occurring creatine, carnitine and carnosine found in muscle meat.
What the research looks at
Muscle protein synthesis compared with dairy protein
Digestibility and tolerance in dairy-sensitive people
An adaptogenic root used in ayurvedic medicine for more than three thousand years. KSM-66 is a full-spectrum root extract standardised to a fixed level of withanolides, which is why it is the form most of the clinical work has been done on.
What it does in the body
Ashwagandha acts on the HPA axis, the loop between the hypothalamus, the pituitary and the adrenal glands that regulates the body's stress response. It also interacts with GABA receptors, which is thought to explain why it is calming without being sedating.
The red carotenoid that makes salmon, shrimp and flamingos pink. It is produced by the microalga Haematococcus pluvialis, which the whole food chain ultimately draws on.
What it does in the body
Astaxanthin spans the full width of the cell membrane, with its ends protruding on both sides, so it can quench radicals in the water phase and the lipid phase at once. Most antioxidants sit in only one.
A creeping marsh plant used in ayurveda as a nootropic, standardised on bacosides.
What it does in the body
Bacosides influence acetylcholine and serotonin signalling and promote dendritic branching in animal models. Effects build slowly, which distinguishes it from acute stimulants.
An extract from the seeds of Psoralea corylifolia, structurally unrelated to vitamin A but studied as an alternative to it.
What it does in the body
Bakuchiol influences some of the same gene expression as retinoic acid without binding retinoid receptors. It is stable in daylight and does not carry the same irritation profile.
What the research looks at
Wrinkle depth and pigmentation compared with retinol
Rendered beef fat, the standard cooking fat in Europe until seed oils displaced it in the middle of the last century. Grass-fed tallow contains more conjugated linoleic acid than grain-fed.
What it does in the body
Predominantly saturated and monounsaturated fat, which means a high smoke point and very little polyunsaturated fat to oxidise during cooking. It also carries fat-soluble vitamins A, D, E and K.
What the research looks at
Oxidation products formed during high-heat cooking
Fatty acid profile of grass-fed versus grain-fed fat
A bright yellow alkaloid from barberry, goldenseal and Coptis root, used in Chinese and ayurvedic medicine long before its metabolic effects were described.
What it does in the body
Berberine activates AMPK, the enzyme that signals low cellular energy and switches the cell from storing to burning. It also changes the composition of the gut microbiota, which may account for part of the effect.
A soluble fibre found in oats, barley, baker's yeast and mushroom cell walls. The oat and yeast forms differ in structure and do different things.
What it does in the body
Oat beta-glucan forms a viscous gel that traps bile acids in the gut, forcing the liver to draw cholesterol from the blood to replace them. Yeast beta-glucan is recognised by receptors on immune cells instead.
A source of hydrochloric acid in capsule form. Stomach acid production falls with age and with long-term acid-suppressing medication.
What it does in the body
Betaine HCl lowers gastric pH, which is what activates pepsin and what releases minerals such as iron, zinc, calcium and B12 from the food matrix so they can be absorbed further down.
What the research looks at
Gastric pH after ingestion
Protein digestion and mineral absorption
Absorption of drugs that require an acidic stomach
Not nutrients but adsorbents: porous materials that bind compounds in the gut so they leave with stool rather than being reabsorbed.
What it does in the body
Each material has a different affinity — activated charcoal is broad and non-selective, zeolite has a crystalline cage structure, chitosan binds fats. Because they are non-selective they also bind medication and nutrients.
The vitamin most associated with hair and nails. Gut bacteria produce some of what the body uses, and deficiency in people eating normally is uncommon.
What it does in the body
Biotin is the coenzyme for carboxylase enzymes involved in fatty acid synthesis and gluconeogenesis. Keratin production depends on those pathways, which is the link to hair and nails.
Biotin bound to a short peptide chain so that it can be delivered into the skin rather than swallowed. Biotinyl tripeptide-1 is the form used in most scalp serums.
What it does in the body
The peptide carrier gets biotin past the stratum corneum, where it feeds the carboxylase enzymes involved in keratin production in the follicle itself.
A traditional European category rather than a single substance: gentian root, dandelion, artichoke leaf and wormwood, taken before a meal. The point is the bitterness itself.
What it does in the body
Bitter compounds activate taste receptors on the tongue and further down the gut, which triggers the release of saliva, gastric acid, bile and digestive enzymes before food arrives.
Protein extracted by simmering bones and connective tissue, then dried. The amino acid profile is dominated by glycine, proline and hydroxyproline rather than the branched-chain amino acids.
What it does in the body
That profile is the opposite of muscle protein's, which makes it a poor choice for hypertrophy and an interesting one for connective tissue and for the glycine-dependent pathways in the gut lining and liver.
A trace element found in fruit, nuts and pulses. It has no officially set requirement in the EU, but intakes vary by a factor of ten between diets.
What it does in the body
Boron affects how the body handles calcium, magnesium and vitamin D, and influences the amount of free testosterone and oestradiol by reducing how much is bound to carrier proteins.
Resin from the Boswellia serrata tree, standardised on boswellic acids. Used alongside turmeric in ayurvedic practice for the same kind of complaint.
What it does in the body
Boswellic acids inhibit 5-lipoxygenase, an enzyme in the leukotriene pathway. That is a different route than the one anti-inflammatory drugs take, which is why the two are often studied together.
What the research looks at
Joint stiffness and walking distance in osteoarthritis
The first milk a cow produces after calving, collected in the window before it turns into ordinary milk. It is dense in immune factors because a newborn calf is born without any.
What it does in the body
Colostrum carries immunoglobulins, lactoferrin, and growth factors including IGF-1 and TGF-beta. These act locally in the gut rather than being absorbed intact, supporting the epithelial lining and the immune tissue beneath it.
What the research looks at
Intestinal permeability, including exercise-induced
The most widely consumed psychoactive substance on earth. How fast it is cleared varies several-fold between people, which is largely down to a single liver enzyme.
What it does in the body
Caffeine blocks adenosine receptors. Adenosine accumulates through the day and produces the feeling of tiredness; caffeine does not remove it, it hides it — and the backlog is still there when the caffeine wears off.
What the research looks at
Alertness and reaction time
Endurance and strength performance
Half-life and sleep disruption from afternoon intake
The same molecule as in coffee, used on skin and scalp rather than swallowed. It is a common ingredient in eye creams and hair serums.
What it does in the body
On skin caffeine constricts small blood vessels and acts as a mild diuretic locally, which is the basis for its use around the eyes. On the scalp it is studied as a counter to the effect of DHT on the follicle.
The most abundant mineral in the body by weight; around ninety-nine per cent of it sits in the skeleton, which doubles as a reservoir the rest of the body can draw on.
What it does in the body
Beyond bone structure, calcium is the trigger for muscle contraction and a second messenger in most cells. Vitamin D governs how much is absorbed, and vitamin K where it ends up.
The other eighty per cent of milk protein, and the fraction that forms the curd. It clots in stomach acid, which is exactly why it behaves differently from whey.
What it does in the body
The clot slows gastric emptying, so amino acids are released over six to eight hours instead of one. That makes it the protein studied for overnight supply rather than for the post-workout window.
A woody vine from the Amazon basin, named after the curved thorns along its stem. The bark contains oxindole alkaloids and is used in traditional Peruvian medicine.
What it does in the body
The alkaloids appear to modulate immune signalling and NF-κB activity. Extracts differ substantially depending on which alkaloid group dominates in the raw material.
A marsh plant used in ayurvedic and Chinese medicine, and the ingredient that made the Korean "cica" category. The active fraction is madecassoside and asiaticoside.
What it does in the body
The triterpenes stimulate collagen type I synthesis and strengthen capillary walls, which is why centella is used both for wound healing and for visible redness.
Whole green tea leaves shaded for several weeks before harvest, then stone-ground. Because the leaf is drunk rather than steeped and discarded, the dose of everything in it is far higher than in brewed tea.
What it does in the body
Shading raises the leaf's theanine content, and matcha therefore delivers caffeine and theanine together — the combination associated with alertness without the edge of coffee.
What the research looks at
Attention and reaction time from caffeine with theanine
A black, charcoal-like growth on birch trunks across northern Europe and Siberia. It has been brewed as a tea in Nordic and Russian folk medicine for centuries.
What it does in the body
Chaga is exceptionally high in melanin and in betulinic acid drawn from the birch it grows on, alongside the beta-glucans common to medicinal mushrooms.
What the research looks at
Antioxidant capacity in vitro
Immune modulation
Oxalate content, which is high enough to be worth noting
A single-celled green alga with a cellulose wall too tough for human digestion — quality products have that wall physically cracked, which is what "broken cell wall" on a label means.
What it does in the body
The cell wall material binds certain compounds in the gut, and chlorella is unusually rich in chlorophyll. Unlike spirulina it does contain some bioavailable B12.
An essential nutrient grouped with the B vitamins although it is not one. Egg yolk and liver are the richest common sources, and most Europeans fall short of the adequate intake.
What it does in the body
Choline is the raw material for acetylcholine, the neurotransmitter of memory and muscle activation, and for phosphatidylcholine, a structural component of every cell membrane. It also donates methyl groups.
A long glycosaminoglycan chain that forms part of cartilage. It is usually sourced from bovine trachea or shark cartilage and is nearly always paired with glucosamine.
What it does in the body
Chondroitin draws water into cartilage, which is what gives it compressive resistance, and inhibits the enzymes that break the matrix down. Its molecular size makes absorption a genuine question.
A trace mineral usually sold as chromium picolinate, which absorbs considerably better than the chloride form. Chromax® is a standardised picolinate used in most of the trials.
What it does in the body
Chromium appears to potentiate insulin signalling at the receptor, though the precise mechanism is still debated and there is no established storage form in the body.
A fat-soluble quinone found in every cell membrane, densest in heart tissue. Levels fall with age, and statins reduce them further because both share the same synthesis pathway.
What it does in the body
CoQ10 carries electrons between complexes I and III of the respiratory chain — the step at which food energy becomes ATP. In its reduced form it also protects membrane lipids from oxidation.
Collagen broken into short chains of two or three amino acids so they survive digestion intact. Whole collagen would simply be dismantled into its constituent amino acids like any other protein.
What it does in the body
Specific di- and tripeptides, particularly prolyl-hydroxyproline, appear in blood after ingestion and are thought to act as signals to fibroblasts and chondrocytes rather than as raw material.
A trace mineral that has to be kept in balance with zinc — a high zinc intake sustained over months will depress copper status, which is the usual reason it is supplemented at all.
What it does in the body
Copper is the cofactor for lysyl oxidase, the enzyme that cross-links collagen and elastin, and for superoxide dismutase, one of the body's own antioxidant enzymes. It is also needed for melanin.
What the research looks at
Connective tissue and skin elasticity
Iron transport and red blood cell formation
Copper–zinc balance during long-term zinc supplementation
A fungus that in the wild parasitises insect larvae. Commercial supplements use Cordyceps militaris grown on grain, not the wild Tibetan species, which is among the most expensive biological materials on earth.
What it does in the body
Cordycepin and adenosine analogues appear to affect ATP turnover and oxygen utilisation. It became widely known after Chinese distance runners credited it in the early nineties.
The most thoroughly studied sports supplement in existence, with well over a thousand controlled trials. Monohydrate is both the cheapest form and the one every trial has used.
What it does in the body
Creatine is stored in muscle as phosphocreatine, a phosphate reserve that regenerates ATP within seconds. The same system operates in the brain, which is the basis for the cognitive research.
The yellow pigment in turmeric, and roughly three per cent of the dried root by weight. On its own it is very poorly absorbed, which is why serious formulations pair it with piperine, phospholipids or a micellar carrier.
What it does in the body
Curcumin acts on NF-κB, the transcription factor that switches on much of the body's inflammatory signalling, and on Nrf2, which regulates the cell's own antioxidant defences.
The longest and most unsaturated of the common omega-3 fatty acids. Around a quarter of the fat in the brain's grey matter is DHA, and the retina is richer in it still.
What it does in the body
DHA is a structural component of neuronal membranes, where its flexible shape governs how easily receptors change conformation. It is not primarily a signalling molecule but a building material.
A steroid hormone made by the adrenal glands, and the most abundant one in circulation. It peaks in the twenties and falls by around eighty per cent by the age of seventy. It is a prescription medicine in most European countries.
What it does in the body
DHEA is a precursor the body converts into testosterone and oestradiol. Because it sits upstream, the effect depends on which enzymes are active in a given tissue and in a given person.
Protease, amylase, lipase, lactase and cellulase, usually from fungal fermentation so that they remain active across the pH range of the whole digestive tract.
What it does in the body
They break large molecules into absorbable ones — protein into amino acids, starch into glucose, fat into fatty acids. Plant and fungal enzymes work in the stomach as well as the small intestine, unlike pancreatic ones.
Formed in the stomach when indole-3-carbinol from broccoli, cabbage and Brussels sprouts meets stomach acid. Eating the vegetables gives the precursor; the supplement gives the product.
What it does in the body
DIM shifts oestrogen metabolism in the liver towards the 2-hydroxy pathway rather than the 16-hydroxy one, changing the ratio between metabolites rather than the total amount of hormone.
What the research looks at
Ratio of 2-hydroxy to 16-hydroxy oestrogen metabolites
The dominant catechin in green tea, and roughly half of its total polyphenol content. Concentrated extracts carry a liver-safety caveat that brewed tea does not.
What it does in the body
EGCG inhibits catechol-O-methyltransferase, which slows the breakdown of noradrenaline, and it interacts with several signalling pathways involved in cell growth.
Not one ingredient but a ratio. Sweat carries roughly a gram of sodium per litre, along with smaller amounts of potassium, magnesium and chloride — water alone does not replace that.
What it does in the body
Electrolytes set the osmotic gradient that decides whether water stays in the bloodstream or is passed out. Sodium in particular drives the reabsorption of water in the kidney.
Eleutherococcus senticosus, a thorny shrub from north-eastern Asia. Despite the common name it is not botanically a ginseng; the active compounds are eleutherosides rather than ginsenosides.
What it does in the body
Classified as an adaptogen: it modulates the stress response rather than stimulating a single system, and it is used in traditional medicine during periods of sustained physical load.
One of the two long-chain omega-3 fatty acids. The body can make it from the plant omega-3 ALA, but the conversion rate is in the low single digits, which is why intake from fish or algae matters.
What it does in the body
EPA is the substrate for resolvins and other specialised pro-resolving mediators — the signalling molecules that end an inflammatory response rather than start one. It competes with arachidonic acid for the same enzymes.
Cold-pressed olive oil that has not been refined. What separates a good one is not the fat — that is much the same everywhere — but the polyphenol content, which ranges from near zero to over 500 mg/kg.
What it does in the body
Oleocanthal, the polyphenol responsible for the peppery catch at the back of the throat, inhibits COX enzymes in the same way ibuprofen does, at far lower potency. Hydroxytyrosol is the main antioxidant.
What the research looks at
Cardiovascular endpoints in Mediterranean diet trials
A flavonoid found in strawberries, apples and persimmon. It came to attention when a screen of senolytic candidates ranked it above the others tested.
What it does in the body
Fisetin appears to trigger apoptosis selectively in senescent cells while leaving healthy ones alone. It also crosses the blood-brain barrier, which most flavonoids do not.
Folate is the form found in leafy greens and legumes; folic acid is the synthetic form used in fortification. They are not interchangeable in every respect.
What it does in the body
Folate carries single-carbon units in the methylation cycle, which the body uses to build DNA and to convert homocysteine back into methionine.
The brain's main inhibitory neurotransmitter. Whether oral GABA crosses the blood-brain barrier is genuinely disputed, which is worth knowing before buying it.
What it does in the body
In the brain GABA dampens neuronal firing. Effects reported after oral doses may come from GABA receptors in the enteric nervous system and the vagus nerve rather than from the brain directly.
What the research looks at
Subjective relaxation and stress markers
Sleep latency
Blood-brain barrier permeability — the open question
A compound found in annatto and in small amounts in the body. It sits downstream in the mevalonate pathway — the same pathway statins interrupt.
What it does in the body
GG is required for prenylation, the process that anchors certain proteins to cell membranes so they can carry signals. It is also a precursor to CoQ10 and to MK-4.
A tripeptide — glycine, histidine, lysine — that carries a copper ion. It occurs naturally in plasma, and levels fall by roughly two-thirds between the ages of twenty and sixty.
What it does in the body
GHK-Cu signals to fibroblasts to produce collagen, elastin and glycosaminoglycans, and delivers copper to the enzymes that cross-link them. It is a signalling molecule rather than a raw material.
The rhizome of the ginger plant. The pungency comes from gingerols, which turn into shogaols when the root is dried — a different compound profile in dried extract than in fresh root.
What it does in the body
Gingerols influence prostaglandin and leukotriene synthesis, the same enzymatic pathways involved in the body's inflammatory signalling, and ginger speeds up gastric emptying.
Leaf extract from the maidenhair tree, a species with no living relatives that has been essentially unchanged for two hundred million years. Standardised extracts contain flavone glycosides and terpene lactones.
What it does in the body
Ginkgo affects microcirculation and platelet aggregation, and the terpene lactones act on platelet-activating factor. Blood flow to peripheral tissue is the mechanism most often invoked.
An amino sugar normally made from shellfish shells, though vegetarian versions from fermented corn exist. The sulphate form is the one used in the trials that found an effect; the hydrochloride form generally has not.
What it does in the body
Glucosamine is a precursor to the glycosaminoglycans in cartilage. The sulphate group itself may matter, since sulphur is required for proteoglycan synthesis.
The body's own principal antioxidant, a tripeptide of glutamate, cysteine and glycine present in every cell. Oral glutathione is broken down readily, which is why liposomal delivery exists.
What it does in the body
Glutathione neutralises peroxides and regenerates vitamins C and E. It is also the conjugating molecule in phase II liver detoxification, which is how fat-soluble compounds are made excretable.
What the research looks at
Blood and tissue glutathione levels after supplementation
The smallest amino acid, and a third of every collagen molecule. The body makes some of its own but probably not enough to cover collagen turnover on a diet built around muscle meat.
What it does in the body
Glycine is an inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brainstem and spinal cord, and it lowers core body temperature slightly — the physiological signal that precedes sleep onset.
The smallest alpha hydroxy acid, originally isolated from sugar cane. Its small molecular size is exactly why it penetrates further than the other AHAs.
What it does in the body
Glycolic acid dissolves the bonds holding dead cells to the surface of the skin, so they release rather than being scrubbed off. At higher concentrations it also stimulates collagen synthesis.
A flavanone concentrated in the white pith of citrus fruit — the part most people discard. It is the main bioflavonoid in orange juice.
What it does in the body
Hesperidin improves endothelial function and capillary resistance, and its metabolite hesperetin is the form that actually reaches tissue after gut bacteria have processed it.
A glycosaminoglycan that holds up to a thousand times its own weight in water. It is present in skin, joint fluid and the vitreous of the eye, and its content in skin falls sharply with age.
What it does in the body
On skin it holds water at the surface; molecular weight decides how deep it penetrates. Taken orally it is broken into fragments that appear to signal fibroblasts to produce more of the body's own.
Concentrated IgG antibodies from bovine serum rather than from milk, which makes them suitable for people who cannot have dairy.
What it does in the body
The antibodies bind bacterial toxins and antigens inside the gut lumen so that they never reach the epithelium. They act like a filter in the gut, not like a drug in the bloodstream.
A sugar alcohol the body makes from glucose, once called vitamin B8. Myo-inositol and D-chiro-inositol are the two forms used in supplements, often in a 40:1 ratio.
What it does in the body
Inositol is part of the second messenger system that carries signals from insulin and several hormone receptors into the cell interior.
A chain of fructose units found in chicory root, Jerusalem artichoke and onion. It is a prebiotic: food for bacteria rather than bacteria themselves.
What it does in the body
Human enzymes cannot break the bonds in inulin, so it reaches the colon intact and is fermented by bifidobacteria into short-chain fatty acids, primarily butyrate, which the colon cells use as fuel.
A trace mineral found mainly in seafood, seaweed and iodised salt. Countries that stopped iodising salt have seen intake fall again within a generation.
What it does in the body
Thyroid hormone is built around iodine atoms — four in T4, three in T3. Without iodine the gland cannot make the hormone that sets the body's metabolic rate.
The most common nutritional deficiency in the world, and the one supplement that should not be taken speculatively — excess iron is stored, not excreted, and it is pro-oxidant.
What it does in the body
Iron sits at the centre of haemoglobin, where it binds oxygen, and in the cytochromes of the respiratory chain. Haem iron from meat absorbs several times better than non-haem iron from plants.
An amino acid first isolated from watermelon. It raises blood arginine levels more reliably than arginine itself does, because it escapes first-pass breakdown in the gut and liver.
What it does in the body
Citrulline is converted to arginine in the kidney, and arginine is the substrate for nitric oxide — the signalling molecule that relaxes the smooth muscle in blood vessel walls.
The most abundant free amino acid in the body. It is conditionally essential: production keeps up under normal conditions but not during severe illness, burns or trauma.
What it does in the body
Glutamine is the preferred fuel of enterocytes, the cells lining the small intestine, and of rapidly dividing immune cells. It is also a nitrogen shuttle between tissues.
An essential amino acid, and the one that most often limits protein quality in cereal-based diets. Pulses are rich in it, which is why beans and grains complement each other.
What it does in the body
Lysine is cross-linked into collagen by lysyl oxidase, and it is the precursor to carnitine. It also competes with arginine for the same transporters, which is the basis of its traditional use.
An amino acid found almost exclusively in tea leaves. It is the reason a cup of green tea feels different from an equivalent dose of coffee.
What it does in the body
Theanine crosses the blood-brain barrier and increases alpha wave activity — the electrical pattern of relaxed alertness. It also modulates glutamate and GABA signalling.
What the research looks at
Attention and reaction time, particularly with caffeine
A white, shaggy mushroom that grows on hardwood and looks like its name. It is edible as food and has a texture close to crab meat.
What it does in the body
Hericenones in the fruiting body and erinacines in the mycelium stimulate nerve growth factor synthesis in laboratory work. The two compound groups are found in different parts of the organism, which is why extract source matters.
A xanthophyll carotenoid found in kale, spinach and egg yolk. Along with zeaxanthin it is one of only two carotenoids the eye concentrates in the macula.
What it does in the body
Lutein absorbs blue light before it reaches the photoreceptors and neutralises the singlet oxygen that light exposure generates in retinal tissue.
The carotenoid that makes tomatoes red. Unusually, cooking increases how much of it the body can absorb — passata delivers more than a raw tomato does.
What it does in the body
Lycopene has no vitamin A activity but is among the most efficient quenchers of singlet oxygen of any carotenoid, and it concentrates in prostate tissue and skin.
The fattiest nut there is, and the one with the highest proportion of monounsaturated fat. It is also the best plant source of palmitoleic acid, omega-7.
What it does in the body
Palmitoleic acid behaves partly as a signalling lipid, and monounsaturated fat replacing saturated fat is the change most consistently associated with an improved lipid profile.
A cruciferous root vegetable grown above 4,000 metres in the Peruvian Andes, eaten as a food there and sold elsewhere as a dried powder or extract.
What it does in the body
Maca contains macamides and glucosinolates. It does not appear to contain hormones or bind hormone receptors directly; the mechanism behind its traditional use is not settled.
A cofactor in more than three hundred enzyme reactions, and one of the minerals European diets most often fall short on. The salt matters: citrate and glycinate absorb well, oxide largely does not.
What it does in the body
Magnesium stabilises ATP — the molecule cells actually spend — and regulates calcium flow across membranes, which is why it affects both muscle relaxation and nerve excitability.
Magnesium bound to threonic acid, a metabolite of vitamin C. It was developed at MIT specifically to get magnesium across the blood-brain barrier, which ordinary magnesium salts do poorly.
What it does in the body
The threonate carrier raises magnesium concentration in cerebrospinal fluid. Magnesium in the brain modulates NMDA receptors and synaptic density, which is the mechanism the cognitive work is built on.
A trace mineral present in wholegrains, nuts and tea. Requirements are small and intakes are usually adequate, which is why it appears in multivitamins at modest amounts.
What it does in the body
Manganese is the metal at the core of mitochondrial superoxide dismutase, the enzyme that neutralises superoxide where most of it is produced. It is also needed to build cartilage.
The hormone the pineal gland releases when light fades. In several EU countries it is available over the counter at low doses and is a prescription medicine at higher ones.
What it does in the body
Melatonin is a timing signal, not a sedative: it tells the body which part of the day it is. That is why the timing of the dose matters more than the size of it, and why very large doses are not more effective.
A thistle from the Mediterranean whose seeds contain silymarin, a group of flavonolignans. It is the most-studied botanical in the liver category by a wide margin.
What it does in the body
Silymarin stabilises hepatocyte membranes and supports glutathione levels in liver tissue. It also acts as a direct antioxidant in a tissue that handles a high oxidative load by design.
A licensed medicine, not a supplement — we do not sell it, and it is listed here because it is the reference point every hair ingredient is compared against. It was developed as a blood pressure drug and the hair growth was an unwanted side effect.
What it does in the body
Minoxidil opens potassium channels and widens the blood vessels feeding the follicle, and it lengthens the growth phase of the hair cycle. Stopping treatment reverses the effect within months.
The smallest molecule there is, dissolved in water from an effervescent tablet. Its size is the whole argument: it diffuses into places larger antioxidants cannot reach.
What it does in the body
H2 selectively reduces hydroxyl radicals, the most damaging reactive species, while leaving the signalling radicals the body uses deliberately alone. It also crosses cell membranes and the blood-brain barrier without a transporter.
An organic sulphur compound found in small amounts in fruit, vegetables and milk. It is odourless, unlike most sulphur compounds.
What it does in the body
MSM supplies sulphur for the disulphide bonds that give keratin and collagen their structure. It also appears to affect inflammatory signalling, though the mechanism is less well characterised.
An amino sugar, and the building block of chitin, hyaluronic acid and the mucin layer that lines the gut. Distinct from the glucosamine sulphate sold for joints.
What it does in the body
NAG is a substrate for glycosaminoglycan synthesis, the material of both cartilage and the mucus barrier that separates gut bacteria from the epithelium underneath.
A stabilised form of the amino acid cysteine. In hospitals it is the standard antidote for paracetamol overdose, given precisely because it restores liver glutathione quickly.
What it does in the body
Cysteine is the rate-limiting ingredient in glutathione synthesis — the body has plenty of the other two amino acids and not enough of this one. NAC also breaks disulphide bonds in mucus.
Nicotinic acid, the form of B3 that causes the familiar flush — warm, red skin for twenty minutes or so, caused by prostaglandin-mediated dilation of small blood vessels.
What it does in the body
Niacin is a precursor to NAD+ and NADP, the coenzymes that carry electrons in essentially every energy-producing reaction in the cell. At pharmacological doses it also affects blood lipids.
The amide form of B3. It does not cause the flush, and it is the form used in skincare, where it appears on labels at two to ten per cent.
What it does in the body
Applied to skin, niacinamide supports ceramide synthesis in the barrier and interferes with the transfer of pigment from melanocytes to surrounding cells. Taken orally it feeds the same NAD+ pathway as niacin.
One step away from NAD+ in the salvage pathway. NAD+ levels decline substantially with age, and raising them is one of the more actively pursued ideas in longevity research.
What it does in the body
NMN is converted to NAD+ by the NMNAT enzymes. NAD+ is consumed by the sirtuins and by PARP enzymes during DNA repair, so demand rises exactly when supply is falling.
The other common NAD+ precursor, one step further back than NMN. It has been through more human trials than NMN has, largely because it reached the market earlier.
What it does in the body
NR enters cells intact and is phosphorylated to NMN before conversion to NAD+. Whether NR or NMN raises tissue NAD+ more effectively is not settled.
Asian ginseng, the root that gives the whole adaptogen category its reputation. Standardised on ginsenosides, of which there are more than a hundred distinct forms.
What it does in the body
Ginsenosides affect nitric oxide signalling and the way cells respond to oxidative load. The composition differs between species and preparations, which is a large part of why study results vary.
What the research looks at
Working memory and mental fatigue
Subjective energy during illness and convalescence
Named from the Greek for "from everywhere", because it turns up in almost all foods. Outright deficiency is correspondingly rare.
What it does in the body
B5 is the backbone of coenzyme A, which carries acetyl groups into the citric acid cycle and into the synthesis of fatty acids, cholesterol and steroid hormones.
Isolated from yellow split peas. It is the plant protein that comes closest to animal protein on leucine content, though it is comparatively low in methionine.
What it does in the body
Digests at a moderate rate and reaches roughly the same muscle protein synthesis response as whey when the dose is raised somewhat to compensate for the lower leucine density.
What the research looks at
Muscle thickness alongside resistance training
Comparison with whey on strength outcomes
Amino acid profile and complementary pairing with rice protein
Short chains of amino acids used as signals rather than as ingredients. Matrixyl, argireline and copper peptides are the ones that appear most often on labels.
What it does in the body
Signal peptides mimic the fragments released when collagen breaks down, which tells fibroblasts to produce more. Neuropeptides work differently, interfering with the signal that contracts small facial muscles.
A phospholipid concentrated in the inner leaflet of neuronal membranes. Supplements were originally made from bovine brain and are now derived from sunflower or soy lecithin.
What it does in the body
Phosphatidylserine influences membrane fluidity and the activity of membrane-bound enzymes and receptors. It is also studied for its effect on the cortisol response to exercise.
The electrolyte inside the cell, the counterpart to sodium outside it. Almost nobody eating a Western diet reaches the recommended intake, which is set at 3.5 grams a day.
What it does in the body
The sodium-potassium pump maintains the electrical gradient across every cell membrane. That gradient is what nerve impulses and heart rhythm are made of.
What the research looks at
Blood pressure, particularly alongside a high sodium intake
A small quinone found in fermented soy, kiwi and human breast milk. It is redox-stable enough to cycle thousands of times, where most antioxidants are consumed after one.
What it does in the body
PQQ activates PGC-1α, the transcription coactivator that signals a cell to build new mitochondria. That is a different mechanism from CoQ10, which supports the mitochondria already present.
Live bacteria, most commonly Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium strains. Effects are strain-specific, not species-specific — two products with the same species name can behave quite differently.
What it does in the body
Probiotic strains compete with less desirable bacteria for space and substrate, produce short-chain fatty acids and lactic acid, and interact with the immune tissue in the gut wall.
A close relative of resveratrol found in blueberries. Two methyl groups make it considerably more fat-soluble, and its half-life in blood is several times longer.
What it does in the body
Acts on the same sirtuin and AMPK pathways as resveratrol, but reaches tissue at higher concentrations for the same dose because it resists first-pass metabolism better.
The most abundant flavonoid in the diet, concentrated in onion skin, capers and apples. Absorption is low unless it is formulated with phospholipids or enzymatically modified.
What it does in the body
Quercetin stabilises mast cells, which is the basis of its use for seasonal complaints, and acts as a senolytic in laboratory work — selectively clearing cells that have stopped dividing.
Honey that has not been heated or filtered, so it keeps its pollen, enzymes and the compounds that pasteurisation drives off. It is still sugar, and should be counted as such.
What it does in the body
The enzyme glucose oxidase produces small amounts of hydrogen peroxide, which is why honey resists spoiling and why it is used on wounds. Raw honey also contains flavonoids and phenolic acids from the nectar source.
A hard, lacquered bracket fungus called the mushroom of immortality in Chinese texts. It is too woody to eat, so it is always taken as an extract.
What it does in the body
Triterpenes give reishi its bitterness and are linked to its calming reputation; beta-glucans are the immune-active fraction. A dual extract is needed because the two dissolve in different solvents.
The polyphenol in grape skin that started the red wine argument. A glass of wine contains around a milligram; the doses used in research are hundreds of times that.
What it does in the body
Resveratrol activates SIRT1 and AMPK, two of the pathways that respond to calorie restriction. Bioavailability is poor — it is metabolised within minutes of absorption.
Vitamin A applied to skin. Retinol has to be converted twice — to retinaldehyde and then to retinoic acid — before it does anything, which is why it is gentler and slower than prescription tretinoin.
What it does in the body
Retinoic acid binds nuclear receptors in keratinocytes and speeds up cell turnover, while signalling fibroblasts in the dermis to lay down new collagen. The initial peeling is the turnover, not damage.
An arctic root that grows on mountainsides and coastal cliffs across Scandinavia and Siberia. Extracts are standardised to rosavins and salidroside, the two marker compounds.
What it does in the body
Rhodiola influences the turnover of serotonin, dopamine and noradrenaline, and affects how cells handle energy under load. Unlike ashwagandha it is generally described as activating rather than calming.
The vitamin that turns urine bright yellow a few hours after a B complex. That is not a problem — it is simply the surplus leaving the body.
What it does in the body
Riboflavin forms FAD and FMN, the two flavin coenzymes that carry electrons through the respiratory chain. It is also required to regenerate glutathione.
A beta hydroxy acid derived from willow bark, and a close relative of aspirin. Unlike the AHAs it is oil-soluble.
What it does in the body
Because it dissolves in oil, salicylic acid can travel down into a sebum-filled pore and exfoliate from the inside. The AHAs work only on the surface, where there is water.
Berries from a dwarf palm native to the south-eastern United States, extracted for their fatty acids and sterols.
What it does in the body
Saw palmetto is studied as an inhibitor of 5-alpha-reductase, the enzyme that converts testosterone into dihydrotestosterone — the androgen involved in both prostate growth and pattern hair loss.
Chinese skullcap, one of the fundamental herbs in traditional Chinese medicine. The root is rich in the flavones baicalin, baicalein and wogonin.
What it does in the body
Baicalin is a flavonoid antioxidant that influences several enzymes in the inflammatory cascade. It is also studied for how it interacts with liver detoxification enzymes.
A trace mineral whose content in food depends entirely on the soil the crop grew in. European soils are comparatively poor in it; a single Brazil nut can cover a day's requirement.
What it does in the body
Selenium is built into selenoproteins, including glutathione peroxidase and the deiodinase enzymes that convert thyroid hormone T4 into the active T3.
Bioavailable silicon, usually from bamboo extract, horsetail or orthosilicic acid. Beer is, improbably, one of the richest dietary sources in Europe.
What it does in the body
Silicon is involved in the cross-linking of collagen and glycosaminoglycans in connective tissue. In binder formulations it also has a physical role, adsorbing compounds in the gut.
A polyamine found in wheat germ, aged cheese and natto. It is one of the few dietary compounds with population data linking higher intake to longer life.
What it does in the body
Spermidine induces autophagy, the process by which cells dismantle and recycle damaged components. Autophagy declines with age, and most of the interest in spermidine follows from that.
A blue-green cyanobacterium rather than an alga, grown in alkaline lakes. It is around sixty per cent protein by dry weight, which is higher than any common food.
What it does in the body
Phycocyanin, the blue pigment, is the main antioxidant and gives spirulina its colour. It also supplies iron and, notably, no usable B12 — the form it contains is a pseudo-vitamin the body cannot use.
The hydrogenated, shelf-stable version of squalene, a lipid the skin makes itself. Modern squalane is produced from sugar cane or olives rather than from shark liver.
What it does in the body
Squalane is close enough to the skin's own sebum to absorb without a film, so it restores the lipid part of the barrier — the fats that stop water escaping between the cells.
Formed when broccoli is chewed or chopped and the enzyme myrosinase meets glucoraphanin. Broccoli sprouts contain up to a hundred times more of the precursor than the mature head.
What it does in the body
Sulforaphane is the most potent known natural activator of Nrf2, the transcription factor that switches on the cell's own antioxidant and phase II detoxification enzymes. It works indirectly, by making the cell defend itself.
A sulphur-containing amino acid that is not built into proteins. It is abundant in shellfish and meat, and largely absent from plant foods.
What it does in the body
Taurine regulates calcium handling inside cells, stabilises membranes and conjugates bile acids. Concentrations in tissue fall with age, which is why it appears in longevity research.
The first B vitamin to be isolated, which is where the number comes from. It is water-soluble and stored only in small amounts, so intake has to be continuous.
What it does in the body
As thiamine pyrophosphate it is a cofactor for the enzymes that move pyruvate into the citric acid cycle. Without it, cells cannot extract energy from carbohydrate efficiently.
Three methyl groups attached to glycine. Beetroot is the richest food source, which is where the name betaine comes from.
What it does in the body
TMG donates a methyl group to convert homocysteine back into methionine — a route that runs parallel to the folate and B12 pathway and does not depend on either.
The other half of the vitamin E family, and the half normally left out. Annatto is the only common source that contains tocotrienols without any tocopherol alongside them.
What it does in the body
The unsaturated side chain lets tocotrienols move more freely within cell membranes than tocopherols can. They also inhibit HMG-CoA reductase, the enzyme statins target.
The biologically active isomer. Resveratrol exists as cis and trans forms, and only the trans form has meaningful activity — which is why the label should say which one it contains.
What it does in the body
Same mechanisms as resveratrol, but the trans configuration is what binds the targets. It is also unstable in light and heat, so packaging and storage matter more than for most ingredients.
What the research looks at
Stability and isomer content in commercial products
A low-growing plant found across southern Europe and Asia, standardised on steroidal saponins called protodioscins.
What it does in the body
Often sold as a testosterone booster. Controlled trials in healthy men have generally not found an effect on testosterone; the findings that do exist relate mostly to sexual function.
What the research looks at
Libido and sexual function
Testosterone levels — with largely negative results in healthy men
Most concentrated fish oil on the market is in ethyl ester form, a by-product of how it is purified. Re-esterified triglyceride oil converts it back to the form fat naturally takes in food.
What it does in the body
Pancreatic lipase cleaves triglycerides more readily than ethyl esters, so a larger share of the dose reaches the bloodstream — the difference measured in absorption studies is substantial.
An essential amino acid, meaning the body cannot make it and it has to come from food. Turkey gets the reputation, but eggs, oats and cheese contain more per gram.
What it does in the body
Tryptophan is the raw material for serotonin and, by extension, melatonin. It competes with other large neutral amino acids for transport into the brain, which is why it is taken away from protein-rich meals.
The reduced, already-active form of CoQ10. Younger bodies convert ubiquinone to ubiquinol without difficulty; that conversion becomes less efficient with age, which is the argument for buying it pre-reduced.
What it does in the body
Same role in the respiratory chain as ubiquinone, but ubiquinol is the form that actually donates electrons to lipid radicals, so it is the antioxidant-active state of the molecule.
A perennial European herb whose root has been used as a sleep aid since antiquity. The smell is unmistakable and comes from valerenic acid and its relatives.
What it does in the body
Valerenic acid binds to GABA-A receptors, the same family benzodiazepines act on, though far more weakly and without the same dependency profile.
A fat-soluble vitamin that comes in two forms: preformed retinol from animal foods such as liver and cod liver oil, and beta-carotene from plants, which the body converts with varying efficiency.
What it does in the body
Retinol is converted to retinal in the retina, where it forms the light-sensitive pigment rhodopsin, and to retinoic acid, which regulates gene expression in skin and mucous membranes.
Sold either as pyridoxine hydrochloride or as pyridoxal-5-phosphate, the active coenzyme form the liver would otherwise have to make itself.
What it does in the body
B6 is a cofactor in more than a hundred enzyme reactions, including the synthesis of serotonin, dopamine and GABA, and the conversion of homocysteine to cysteine.
The only vitamin that contains a metal atom — cobalt — and the one that is genuinely absent from plant foods. Methylcobalamin and adenosylcobalamin are the two active forms; cyanocobalamin has to be converted.
What it does in the body
B12 is a cofactor in two reactions: the conversion of homocysteine to methionine, and the handling of methylmalonyl-CoA in fatty acid metabolism. Nerve myelin depends on both.
Humans are among the few mammals that cannot make their own vitamin C — a broken enzyme, shared with guinea pigs and fruit bats, is the reason it has to come from food.
What it does in the body
Ascorbate is a cofactor for the enzymes that hydroxylate collagen, which is why deficiency shows up first in connective tissue. It also regenerates vitamin E and keeps iron and copper in the right oxidation state.
Technically a hormone rather than a vitamin. Skin makes it from sunlight, but above roughly 40 degrees latitude the sun sits too low from October to March for that to work at all — which covers most of Europe.
What it does in the body
Cholecalciferol is hydroxylated in the liver and then the kidney into calcitriol, which binds a nuclear receptor present in most tissues and regulates several hundred genes, including those governing calcium absorption.
A family of eight related compounds, not one substance. Most supplements contain only alpha-tocopherol, which is the form the body retains preferentially but not the only one that matters.
What it does in the body
Vitamin E sits inside cell membranes and stops the chain reaction of lipid peroxidation — it takes the hit so the membrane fat does not. Vitamin C then regenerates it.
A short-chain menaquinone found in butter, egg yolk and organ meat. The body can also convert some K1 into MK-4 itself.
What it does in the body
MK-4 activates osteocalcin in bone and matrix Gla protein in arterial walls — the proteins that direct calcium into the skeleton rather than into soft tissue. Its half-life in blood is only a few hours.
The long-chain menaquinone produced by bacterial fermentation — natto, the Japanese fermented soybean dish, contains more of it than anything else people eat.
What it does in the body
Same carboxylation reactions as MK-4, but MK-7 stays in circulation for around three days rather than a few hours, so a single daily dose keeps tissue levels steady.
The liquid fraction left when milk is curdled. It was a waste product from cheese-making until its amino acid profile turned out to be close to ideal for muscle protein synthesis.
What it does in the body
Whey is high in leucine, the amino acid that switches on mTOR signalling, and it digests fast — blood amino acids peak within an hour, which is why it is used around training.
What the research looks at
Muscle protein synthesis after resistance training
The small, dark northern berry, not the cultivated kind. It has a much higher skin-to-flesh ratio, and the skin is where the anthocyanins are — roughly twice the concentration.
What it does in the body
Anthocyanins cross into brain tissue in small amounts and are studied for their effect on cerebral blood flow and on signalling in the hippocampus.
Lutein's structural isomer, differing by the position of a single double bond. It is concentrated at the very centre of the macula, where lutein sits further out.
What it does in the body
Same blue-light filtering role as lutein but in the region of highest visual acuity. The two are taken together because the eye deposits them in different zones.
A trace mineral present in the active site of hundreds of enzymes. There is no storage depot for it, so a few weeks of low intake shows up in function rather than in a reserve being drawn down.
What it does in the body
Zinc is structural in zinc-finger proteins that read DNA, required for T-cell maturation, and a cofactor in the enzymes that build collagen and keratin.
A one-to-one chelate of zinc and L-carnosine, developed in Japan where it has been used for gastric complaints since the nineties.
What it does in the body
The complex is more stable in the stomach than either component alone and adheres to areas of damaged mucosa, releasing zinc slowly at the site rather than being absorbed straight away.
What the research looks at
Gastric mucosal integrity
Small intestinal permeability, including damage from NSAIDs
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Why the form and the dose matter
Two products can name the same ingredient on the label and behave completely differently. Magnesium oxide and magnesium glycinate are both magnesium; only one of them is absorbed properly. Ethyl ester fish oil and triglyceride fish oil are both omega-3. Folic acid and methylfolate are both folate, but not for everyone.
That is the difference this page is written to make visible. Where a form matters we have given it its own entry rather than hiding it inside a general one, and the dose listed is the one used in the research — not the smallest amount a manufacturer can put on a label and still name the ingredient.
We only describe a product as third-party tested when there is documentation behind the claim. Below is what each of our brands actually documents, brand by brand.
Third-party testing
Certificates of analysis
Pick a brand to see what is actually tested and who tests it. Four of the seven publish reports you can open right here — and they publish different amounts, from a certificate for every batch down to a single lot. The other three document their testing and hand over the paperwork for a specific batch when you ask. That difference is worth knowing before you buy, so we have not smoothed it over. Every report is also linked from the product it covers.
Blueprint
24 reports published
Every batch goes to an independent accredited laboratory in the United States, which checks the contents against the label and screens for heavy metals, microbes and other contamination. Blueprint publishes the full report for every batch, and a new one follows each production run.
Samples from every batch are run on ICP-MS, LC-MS and GC-MS and screened for more than three hundred contaminants, among them heavy metals, glyphosate, pesticides and mycotoxins. The analyses are done by Light Labs, who publish a running report per product with every test result in it — not a single certificate but the whole series, with the date of the most recent test.
Raw materials are tested for identity, purity and potency at external ISO-certified laboratories and screened for heavy metals, pesticides and microbiological contamination. A supplier’s own certificate is treated as a claim to verify rather than a result to accept. Certificates are published per lot rather than for the product as a whole, so the one below covers the lot number printed on it and no other — for a different lot, ask us and we will request it.
Each batch is sent to Eurofins, an independent accredited laboratory, which confirms that the sodium, potassium, magnesium and chloride in a sachet match the amounts on the packet. The published report covers five flavours in one document and is the laboratory’s own, in Swedish.
Every production run is audited by ISO/IEC-accredited third-party laboratories for heavy metals, glyphosate, other contaminants and microbiology before any of it is released for sale. ARMRA documents the programme and its certifications publicly; the report for a specific batch comes from the manufacturer on request.
Made in an NSF/ANSI 455-2 GMP-certified facility in Colorado with its own ISO/IEC 17025-accredited testing laboratory. Every batch is tested both in-house and by outside laboratories for potency and purity; the certificate for a batch comes from the manufacturer on request.
Solgar tests raw materials on arrival and finished products before release in its own quality laboratory, and manufactures to GMP. That is an in-house programme, not an outside verification: Solgar carries no NSF or USP certification, so we do not describe it as third-party tested. Batch documentation is available from the manufacturer on request.
Vital Nutrients documents a Quality Assurance Programme that engages third-party laboratories — every batch of GMO-susceptible ingredients, for example, is tested for GMO markers at an independent genetics laboratory, and even the bottles are third-party verified BPA-free. Individual lot certificates are not published; documentation for a batch comes from the manufacturer on request.
T.A. Sciences documents an end-to-end testing and analysis programme across sourcing, formulation and US manufacturing, and TA-65 has been determined Generally Recognized as Safe (GRAS) by an independent expert panel. That safety assessment is not batch testing, and no lot certificates are published — documentation comes from the manufacturer on request.
Because nothing else verifies the label. A supplement is regulated as a food, not as a medicine, which means no authority checks each batch before it reaches a shelf. Testing is what turns the number on the tub into something you can look up.
What is being tested for?
Two separate things. Identity and quantity — is the ingredient present, and in the amount the label states. And contamination — heavy metals, microbes, solvent residues and traces from the packaging, which can come from the raw material, the production line or the container.
How often is the label actually wrong?
Often enough to be worth checking. Of 272 supplements implicated in liver injury in the United States, 51 per cent had contents that did not match the label (Hepatology Communications, 2019).
Among 57 botanical sports supplements, 89 per cent were inaccurately labelled and 40 per cent contained none of the labelled ingredient at all (JAMA Network Open, 2023).
What can I ask you for?
The report for the batch you were sent. Where a manufacturer does not publish one, we ask them for it — tell us the product and the batch number on the tub and we will come back with what they give us, or with the fact that they would not.
The certificates are the property of the manufacturers and their laboratories, and are linked here in their original location. Blueprint’s reports may not be reused without Blueprint’s permission.
This page is general information about ingredients, not advice for you. Food supplements are not medicines and do not cure, treat or prevent disease. They do not replace a varied diet, sleep, movement or medical care. Doses and timings are those used in published research and on product labels; they are not a recommendation. If you are pregnant, breastfeeding, taking medication or living with a medical condition, talk to a doctor or pharmacist before starting anything new.
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